Study it. Test it. Win as a team.

The shape of a body part, cell or molecule fits the job it does.

Lungs bring oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide through tiny air sacs called alveoli.

Food is broken down mechanically and chemically so nutrients can be absorbed, mostly in the small intestine.

White blood cells, antibodies and barriers like skin defend the body against germs.

The body keeps conditions like temperature and blood sugar steady.

Plants use light, water and carbon dioxide to make sugar and release oxygen.

Roots absorb water, stems transport, leaves make food and flowers make seeds.

Water moves up from roots and evaporates through leaf pores called stomata.

Pollen moves to the pistil, leading to fertilization and seeds.

DNA carries coded instructions; a gene is a section that codes for a protein or trait.

A dominant allele shows its trait with one copy; a recessive trait needs two copies.

A grid that predicts the chances of offspring genotypes.

Changes in DNA; some are harmful, many are neutral and a few are helpful.

The study of how disease spreads in populations and how to control it.

Disease comes from the agent, the host and the environment interacting.

Attack rate = sick ÷ exposed. Compare groups to find what raised the risk.

Handwashing, vaccines, clean water and safe food stop many diseases.

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff and infiltration move water around Earth.

Rivers, lakes, wetlands and groundwater (aquifers) hold the fresh water people use.

Estuaries mix fresh and salt water and are nurseries for many species.

Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, nutrients and turbidity show if water is healthy.

Igneous rocks cool from melted rock, sedimentary rocks form from layers, metamorphic rocks change under heat and pressure.

Test hardness, streak, luster, cleavage and reactions to identify minerals.

Rocks change from one type to another over time through heat, pressure, weathering and melting.

Gravity keeps planets in orbit around the Sun and moons around planets.

Planets formed from a disk of gas and dust around the young Sun.

Stars are born in nebulae, fuse elements and end as white dwarfs, neutron stars or black holes.

Spectra and brightness tell astronomers a star’s temperature, makeup and distance.

Warm, moist, rising air and wind shear fuel thunderstorms, tornadoes and hurricanes.

Air pressure, temperature and humidity change with height and drive weather.

Satellites measure light and heat reflected or given off by Earth to study land, water and climate.

Weather is day to day; climate is the long-term pattern.

Solids, liquids and gases differ in how their particles move.

Atoms rearrange into new substances; mass is conserved.

Gas pressure, volume and temperature are linked (PV = nRT).

Temperature, concentration, surface area and catalysts change how fast reactions go.

Fingerprints, fibers, chromatography and chemical tests link evidence to a scene.

pH measures acidity: below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic.

Current needs a closed loop; voltage = current × resistance (V = IR).

Heat moves by conduction, convection and radiation, from hot to cold.

Energy changes form but is never created or destroyed.

An object’s motion changes when a net force acts on it (F = ma).

Define the problem, build, test, measure and improve, one change at a time.

Ask a question, form a hypothesis, test it with a controlled experiment, then analyze data.

Change one independent variable, measure the dependent variable and keep everything else the same.

Tables and graphs reveal patterns. Repeat trials to reduce error.

Ciphers replace or shift letters; frequency analysis cracks many of them.

Goggles, careful handling and following instructions keep scientists safe.